The manometric definition of the LES
E.M.M. Quigley (Omaha) 

Does atropine affect the manometric response of the LES during increased abdominal pressure?
G.G. Jamieson, B.R. Landers (Adelaide) 

What are the problems associated with sphincter pressure measurements?
M. Wienbeck, J. Barnert, S. Doesel (Augsburg) 

What are the methodological factors influencing LESP measurements?
T.R. Weihrauch (Wuppertal) 

What are the device-dependent factors that affect the accuracy of esophageal manometry?
M. Wienbeck, C. Schwarz, J. Barnert, A. Majewicz (Augsburg) 

Is the LESP the same at night as during the day time? The same on different days?
G.W.B Clark, D.J. Bowrey, M.K. Roy, P.D. Carey (Cardiff) 

Can longitudinal contractions of the esophageal wall be measured?
D. Armstrong (Hamilton) 

How is the quantitative analysis of LESP made in stationary or in continuous pull-through technique? What are the compared advantages of each technique?
C.E. Pope II (Seattle) 

What is the value of a single measurement of LESP using the rapid pull-through technique?
R.H. Holloway (Adelaide) 

Does the mechanical stimulation of the LES by rapid pull-through maneuver cause a rise in LESP?
T.R. Weihrauch (Wuppertal) 

Does the low compliance pneumohydraulic perfusion pump system allow for recording rates of sufficient amplitude for the LES?
P.J. Kahrilas (Chicago) 

What are the limitations of perfused side-hole and Dent sleeve manometry?
G. Cargill (Paris), J.P. Vergnet (Ecully) 

To investigate the effects of diaphragmatic contractions on LESP and LES movements, what is the use of the reverse-perfused Dent sleeve?
R.H. Holloway (Adelaide) 

What artifacts can be expected with the reverse-perfused sleeve?
R.H. Holloway (Adelaide) 

According to the modifications occurring during and after swallows, how can the real pressure of the sphincter be evaluated?
J.A. Castell (Philadelphia) 

What is the reproducibility of the interpretation of manometric tracings?
J. Janssens, D. Sifrim, J.Tack (Leuven) 

Which value of the LES pressure and LES relaxation best evaluates the antireflux barrier?
D.O. Castell (Philadelphia) 

What investigation should be carried out in GERD patients with normal LESP at standard manometry?
D.O. Castell (Philadelphia) 

Microtransducers and new technologies

What are the advantages of intraluminal microtransducers over perfused side-hole manometry systems? What are their disadvantages?
J.A. Castell (Philadelphia) 

What are the differences between the two types of microtransducers: metal diaphragm strain gauges and piezoresistive silicon chips?
G. Cargill (Paris), J.P. Vergnet (Ecully) 

Are intraluminal microtransducers suitable for prolonged sphincter recordings?
G.E. Boeckxstaens, G.N.J. Tytgat (Amsterdam), R.H. Holloway (Adelaide) 

Should asymmetry of the LES make interpretation of manometric data obtained from undirectional sensors questionable? Do they allow detection of segmental contractions of the esophagus?
W.P. Stuppy, H.P. Zhang (Los Angeles) 

What is the role of three-dimensional manometric imaging of the LES?
H.J. Stein, O. Korn (Munich) 

What is the value of the new motility laser sensor system to simultaneously record esophageal body and LES pressures in ambulatory patients?
J.H. Schneider (Tübingen) 

What can be said about circumferentially sensitive microtransducers for acute sphincter measurements?
J.A. Castell (Philadelphia) 

What can be expected from through-the-scope-manometry in detecting esophageal motility disorders?
A.J. Cameron, P.Y. Kwo, S.F. Phillips (Rochester) 

Do motorized pull-through techniques give further information? What are the normal values for these techniques?
M. Costantini (Padova), R.M. Bremner, S.F. Hoeft, P.F. Crookes, T.R. DeMeester (Los Angeles) 

What are the specific problems related to microtransducers?
M. Wienbeck (Augsburg) 

What are the new LES manometric parameters likely to be expected from computer-aided systems in evaluation of GERD?
E. Ancona, M. Costantini, G. Zaninotto, M. Anselmino, C. Boccù (Padova) 

Do prolonged measurement techniques allow for precise evaluation of the LESP, primary persistaltic contractions, abnormal peristaltic waves occurring without swallowing?
J. Janssens, J. Tack, D. Sifrim (Leuven) 

Should the reproducibility of ambulatory esophageal manometry encourage more universal use of this technology?
R.M. Bremner, T.R. DeMeester (Los Angeles) 

In addition to manometry, does electromyography of the esophagus give more information on the mechanisms of esophageal peristalsis and the cause of motility disorders at the EGJ?
L. Wallin (Copenhagen)